FUNGAL INFECTIONS

What are they?

Fungi form a group of living organisms - mushrooms and toadstools are two members of it. Some small fungi can live off a layer of our bodies called keratin, which is found in our skin and nails. They can spread, causing changes in the skin and nails.

What causes them?

Fungi live all around us, so fungal infections are common. Some of the 'friendly' bacteria that live on us - such as lactobacilli in women's vaginas - prevent them from spreading. If our normal bacteria are killed, as they are after some antibiotic treatment, fungi can spread in their place. They can also spread if our immune system, which fights off infection, is not working properly.

Who gets them?

Anyone can get a fungal infection. You may be more at risk if you have recently taken a lot of antibiotics. You are especially vulnerable if your immune system is not working well - if you have some forms of cancer or HIV infection, for instance, or if you are taking steroids. You may also get fungal infections if you have diabetes. Since fungi grow best in warm, moist areas, you may get infections in an area of your body that is warm and moist - in your groin if you do a lot of sport, or in your toenails if you wear trainers a lot.

What are the symptoms?

Fungal infections of your skin and mouth tend to cause scaly or white patches, which leave a red mark when they are rubbed off. They may cause itching or soreness, and sometimes a white curd- like discharge. Fungal infections of your nails are usually painless, but make your nails thick, discoloured and crumbly.

When should I go to my GP?

If you have a single mild fungal infection, especially of your skin, you may be able to sort it out yourself by getting plenty of fresh air to the affected area or by using one of the many antifungal creams available from your pharmacist. If you have a persistent infection, or get a lot of fungal infections, you should make an appointment with your doctor.

What tests will my Doctor want to do?

Your doctor will ask you some questions and examine you. He or she may be able to treat you on the basis of what he sees, or he may want to take samples from the affected area to check for fungal infections. Your GP may also want to check your urine for sugar or do some blood tests.

What is the short-term treatment?

For skin infections, you will usually need antifungal cream. For nail infections, you may need to paint medicine onto your nails or take tablets - both of these treatments may need to be taken for some months.

How can I stop them getting worse?

You can do a lot to stop yourself getting more fungal infections. If you have athlete's foot, or fungal skin infection of your groin or under your breasts, or toenail infection, you can help by keeping the area open to the air, dry and cool. You should avoid sharing towels, hairbrushes and combs, avoid tight synthetic clothing and keep trainers only for use during sport. If you get a fungal infection of your mouth when you use inhaled steroids - for asthma or chronic obstructive airways disease - you can reduce your risks by rinsing your mouth after every use, using a spacer device or changing your inhaler.